26 Phonetic Prefixes and Suffixes
The prefixes and suffixes covered in the previous section have been “phonetic.” This section covers more common prefixes and suffixes. However, while some prefixes have phonetic outlines, others have different patterns such as being distinguished by the * or using a non-phonetic stroke just like how homonyms are stroked differently. More examples of the latter will be covered later. Of course, it is possible to modify the dictionary in order to use different outlines for affixes to one’s preferences.
Words in English may have one or more suffixes. Plover has one-stroke outlines for the most common combined suffixes.
26.1 Learning Objectives:
- Learn how to write common phonetic prefixes (
be-,ab-,pre-,pro-,im-,-in) - Learn how to write common phonetic suffixes (
-est,-ize,-ster,-age,-able,-ible) - Learn how to write common combined suffixes (
-fully,-bly,-ability,-ibility)
26.2 Prefixes
26.2.1 be-
The prefix be- is written with PWE. (Note that the word be is written with -B). This applies to words like beside, beware and bemoan.
PWE SAOEUD
beside beside beside beside
PWE WAEUR
beware beware beware beware
PWE PHOEPB
bemoan bemoan bemoan bemoan
26.2.2 ab-
The prefix ab- is written with AB for words such as absorb, and abstain.
AB SORB
absorb absorb absorb absorb
AB STAEUPB
abstain abstain abstain abstain
26.2.3 pre-
The prefix pre- is written with PRE or PRAOE for words such as prefix and preview.
PRE TPEUBGS
prefix prefix prefix prefix
PRE SRAOU
preview preview preview preview
26.3 Suffixes
26.3.1 -est
The suffix -est is written with EFT for words such as biggest and eldest. There is no starred alternative as *EFT is used to write evident.
PWEUG EFT
biggest biggest biggest biggest
ELD EFT
eldest eldest eldest eldest
26.3.2 -ize
The suffix -ize is written with AOEUZ for words such as immunize and stylize. AO*EUZ is defined in the dictionary for eyes.
EUPL TPHAOEUZ
immunize immunize immunize immunize
STAOEUL AOEUZ
stylize stylize stylize stylize
26.3.3 -ster
The suffix -ster is written with STER for words such as jokester and dumpster. ST*ER is not defined in the dictionary.
SKWROEBG STER
jokester jokester jokester jokester
TK*UPL STER
dumpster dumpster dumpster dumpster
26.3.4 -age
The suffix -age is written with APBLG for words such as adage and storage. A*PBLG is defined for the word angle.
AD APBLG
adage adage adage adage
STOR APBLG
storage storage storage storage
26.4 Combined Suffixes
Some combinations of suffixes are so common Plover gives them their own outlines. Suffixes ending in ly and ty are very common.
26.4.1 -fully
-fully combines -ful and -ly, and is written as TPHREU (F-L-Y). Examples are peacefully and faithfully.
PAES TPHREU
peacefully peacefully peacefully peacefully
TPA*EUT TPHREU
faithfully faithfully faithfully faithfully
26.4.2 -bly
-bly can be a result of -able with -ly, and is written using the stroke PWHREU (B-L-Y). Examples are plausibly and presumably. This also applies to -ible + -ly for words like legibly and sensibly.
PHRAUS PWHREU
plausibly plausibly plausibly plausibly
PRE SAOUPL PWHREU
presumably presumably presumably presumably
HREPBLG PWHREU
legibly legibly legibly legibly
SEPBS PWHREU
sensibly sensibly sensibly sensibly
26.4.3 -ability
-ability is a combination of -able and -ty. This can be written with -BLT, as -T can represent ty in words when it does not conflict with other words using the -T for t.
Examples are shipability and acceptability.
SHEUP -BLT
shipability shipability shipability shipability
SEP -BLT
acceptability acceptability acceptability acceptability
26.5 Exercises
26.5.1 Write
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bedeck bedeck bedeck bedim bedim bedim befall befall befall befit befit befit befool befool befool
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beget beget beget begone begone begone begot begot begot begrime begrime begrime behest behest behest
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behoove behoove behoove belated belated belated belay belay belay belie belie belie belike belike belike
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belittle belittle belittle bemoan bemoan bemoan bemuse bemuse bemuse beset beset beset beside beside beside
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bespeak bespeak bespeak bespoke bespoke bespoke bestir bestir bestir betray betray betray beware beware beware
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abduct abduct abduct abject abject abject abjure abjure abjure abnormal abnormal abnormal abrupt abrupt abrupt
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absence absence absence absolute absolute absolute absolve absolve absolve absorb absorb absorb abstain abstain abstain
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abstract abstract abstract absurd absurd absurd abuse abuse abuse
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precaution precaution precaution precession precession precession precision precision precision preclude preclude preclude predate predate predate
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prediction prediction prediction preface preface preface prefix prefix prefix preheat preheat preheat prejudge prejudge prejudge
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prescribe prescribe prescribe prescription prescription prescription preserve preserve preserve preside preside preside pretend pretend pretend
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pretense pretense pretense pretension pretension pretension preterm preterm preterm pretext pretext pretext pretreatment pretreatment pretreatment
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prevent prevent prevent preview preview preview
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proband proband proband probit probit probit process process process procure procure procure profession profession profession
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profit profit profit proform proform proform profound profound profound prograde prograde prograde projet projet projet
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prolate prolate prolate prologue prologue prologue prolong prolong prolong promotion promotion promotion proportion proportion proportion
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prosit prosit prosit proton proton proton protract protract protract provision provision provision
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imbark imbark imbark imbody imbody imbody immense immense immense immune immune immune impact impact impact
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impair impair impair impark impark impark impart impart impart impeach impeach impeach impels impels impels
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impend impend impend implant implant implant implicit implicit implicit implies implies implies implore implore implore
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import import import impost impost impost impound impound impound impress impress impress imprint imprint imprint
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imprison imprison imprison impure impure impure impute impute impute
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ablest ablest ablest bluest bluest bluest driest driest driest eldest eldest eldest fewest fewest fewest
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finest finest finest freest freest freest hugest hugest hugest illest illest illest lamest lamest lamest
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latest latest latest lowest lowest lowest modest modest modest nicest nicest nicest oddest oddest oddest
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palest palest palest rawest rawest rawest rudest rudest rudest safest safest safest tamest tamest tamest
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truest truest truest vilest vilest vilest widest widest widest
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canonize canonize canonize capitalize capitalize capitalize civilize civilize civilize colorize colorize colorize finalize finalize finalize
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fossilize fossilize fossilize ironize ironize ironize soberize soberize soberize stylize stylize stylize tenderize tenderize tenderize
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totalize totalize totalize trivialize trivialize trivialize verbalize verbalize verbalize weaponize weaponize weaponize womanize womanize womanize
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blaster blaster blaster dabster dabster dabster dumpster dumpster dumpster fibster fibster fibster fraudster fraudster fraudster
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gagster gagster gagster gamester gamester gamester hamster hamster hamster hipster hipster hipster hoopster hoopster hoopster
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minister minister minister mobster mobster mobster oldster oldster oldster pollster pollster pollster roadster roadster roadster
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sinister sinister sinister tapster tapster tapster teamster teamster teamster tipster tipster tipster trickster trickster trickster youngster youngster youngster
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baggage baggage baggage cabbage cabbage cabbage carriage carriage carriage coinage coinage coinage corkage corkage corkage
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cottage cottage cottage coverage coverage coverage cribbage cribbage cribbage dockage dockage dockage floorage floorage floorage
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leakage leakage leakage lineage lineage lineage massage massage massage mileage mileage mileage passage passage passage
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peerage peerage peerage postage postage postage roughage roughage roughage sausage sausage sausage shortage shortage shortage
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signage signage signage slippage slippage slippage spillage spillage spillage spoilage spoilage spoilage steerage steerage steerage
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stockage stockage stockage suffrage suffrage suffrage teenage teenage teenage tillage tillage tillage tonnage tonnage tonnage
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tutorage tutorage tutorage voltage voltage voltage wattage wattage wattage wordage wordage wordage wreckage wreckage wreckage
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adaptable adaptable adaptable addable addable addable agreeable agreeable agreeable bankable bankable bankable biddable biddable biddable
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bootable bootable bootable breakable breakable breakable buildable buildable buildable capable capable capable clickable clickable clickable
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drinkable drinkable drinkable dryable dryable dryable eatable eatable eatable fixable fixable fixable flammable flammable flammable
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likable likable likable livable livable livable livable livable livable lovable lovable lovable mixable mixable mixable
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movable movable movable mutable mutable mutable notable notable notable payable payable payable peelable peelable peelable
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pliable pliable pliable portable portable portable printable printable printable quotable quotable quotable ratable ratable ratable
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removable removable removable sizable sizable sizable solvable solvable solvable suitable suitable suitable taxable taxable taxable
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teachable teachable teachable tearable tearable tearable tractable tractable tractable tuneable tuneable tuneable watchable watchable watchable
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wearable wearable wearable workable workable workable writable writable writable
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collectible collectible collectible fallible fallible fallible fencible fencible fencible flexible flexible flexible horrible horrible horrible
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immersible immersible immersible impartible impartible impartible implausible implausible implausible impressible impressible impressible reducible reducible reducible
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repressible repressible repressible sensible sensible sensible suggestible suggestible suggestible unplausible unplausible unplausible
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artfully artfully artfully faithfully faithfully faithfully fitfully fitfully fitfully helpfully helpfully helpfully hopefully hopefully hopefully
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lawfully lawfully lawfully manfully manfully manfully meaningfully meaningfully meaningfully playfully playfully playfully respectfully respectfully respectfully
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scornfully scornfully scornfully sinfully sinfully sinfully skillfully skillfully skillfully stressfully stressfully stressfully thankfully thankfully thankfully
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truthfully truthfully truthfully ungracefully ungracefully ungracefully woefully woefully woefully wrongfully wrongfully wrongfully
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actability actability actability adaptability adaptability adaptability adoptability adoptability adoptability biddability biddability biddability breathability breathability breathability
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countability countability countability credibility credibility credibility cutability cutability cutability drinkability drinkability drinkability drivability drivability drivability
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formability formability formability immovability immovability immovability likability likability likability livability livability livability lovability lovability lovability
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mailability mailability mailability marketability marketability marketability notability notability notability packability packability packability playability playability playability
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pliability pliability pliability potability potability potability profitability profitability profitability reasonability reasonability reasonability removability removability removability
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respectability respectability respectability spreadability spreadability spreadability stainability stainability stainability tractability tractability tractability washability washability washability
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wearability wearability wearability workability workability workability
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accessibility accessibility accessibility credibility credibility credibility extensibility extensibility extensibility fallibility fallibility fallibility flexibility flexibility flexibility
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fusibility fusibility fusibility gullibility gullibility gullibility impassibility impassibility impassibility implausibility implausibility implausibility impressibility impressibility impressibility
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partibility partibility partibility perfectibility perfectibility perfectibility plausibility plausibility plausibility repressibility repressibility repressibility suggestibility suggestibility suggestibility
26.5.2 Write with sound
Controls
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Beside, near or close to. Beside, near or close to. Beside, near or close to.
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Smallest, most tiny. Smallest, most tiny. Smallest, most tiny.
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I stood beside John. I stood beside John. I stood beside John.
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The naughty little girl did not do what her mother asked her to do. The naughty little girl did not do what her mother asked her to do. The naughty little girl did not do what her mother asked her to do.
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Midnight, twelve o'clock at night. Midnight, twelve o'clock at night. Midnight, twelve o'clock at night.
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The rooster called to the hens. The rooster called to the hens. The rooster called to the hens.
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Largest, biggest. Largest, biggest. Largest, biggest.
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Honest, fair and truthful. Honest, fair and truthful. Honest, fair and truthful.
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Highest, most high. Highest, most high. Highest, most high.
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Beautiful, very pretty. Beautiful, very pretty. Beautiful, very pretty.
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Enjoyed, had a good time. Enjoyed, had a good time. Enjoyed, had a good time.
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Frost, frozen dew. Enough cold to freeze dew. Frost, frozen dew. Enough cold to freeze dew. Frost, frozen dew. Enough cold to freeze dew.
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He must have hit his head. He must have hit his head. He must have hit his head.
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Did you see him today? Did you see him today? Did you see him today?
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When will you be ready to go home? When will you be ready to go home? When will you be ready to go home?
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She has been crying all day. She has been crying all day. She has been crying all day.
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Awful, fearful; terrible. Awful, fearful; terrible. Awful, fearful; terrible.
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That wire is the finest I have. That wire is the finest I have. That wire is the finest I have.
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Will you extend the time we have to make our book report? Will you extend the time we have to make our book report? Will you extend the time we have to make our book report?
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Extend, stretch out. Extend, stretch out. Extend, stretch out.
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Calm, not excited; steady. Quiet; not stormy. Calm, not excited; steady. Quiet; not stormy. Calm, not excited; steady. Quiet; not stormy.
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Beauty, lovely to look at; the state of being beautiful. Beauty, lovely to look at; the state of being beautiful. Beauty, lovely to look at; the state of being beautiful.
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My aim is to win the prize. My aim is to win the prize. My aim is to win the prize.
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Absent, away; not present. Absent, away; not present. Absent, away; not present.
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All lived together in peace. All lived together in peace. All lived together in peace.
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Quiet, not noisy; still. Quiet, not noisy; still. Quiet, not noisy; still.
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The chilling winds will blow. The chilling winds will blow. The chilling winds will blow.
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A light shone in the darkness. A light shone in the darkness. A light shone in the darkness.
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There are pictures in some books. There are pictures in some books. There are pictures in some books.
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War, fighting between countries or between parts of the same nation. War, fighting between countries or between parts of the same nation. War, fighting between countries or between parts of the same nation.
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We climbed the nearest hill. We climbed the nearest hill. We climbed the nearest hill.
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It grew warmer. It grew warmer. It grew warmer.
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Healthy, well. Healthy, well. Healthy, well.
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My dog can jump over a string nine inches high. My dog can jump over a string nine inches high. My dog can jump over a string nine inches high.
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Hobby, something we like to do in spare time. Hobby, something we like to do in spare time. Hobby, something we like to do in spare time.
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Bottom, the lowest part. Bottom, the lowest part. Bottom, the lowest part.
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We had company at dinner last night. We had company at dinner last night. We had company at dinner last night.
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Biggest, most big. Biggest, most big. Biggest, most big.
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Below, under. Below, under. Below, under.
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The biggest boy caught two fish. The biggest boy caught two fish. The biggest boy caught two fish.
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The Prime Minister will make an address over the radio. The Prime Minister will make an address over the radio. The Prime Minister will make an address over the radio.
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Basement, the lowest floor in a building. Basement, the lowest floor in a building. Basement, the lowest floor in a building.
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He got away safely. He got away safely. He got away safely.
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Did you ever see a stray kitten? Did you ever see a stray kitten? Did you ever see a stray kitten?
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Kittens keep their feet dry. Kittens keep their feet dry. Kittens keep their feet dry.
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The boys leaned against the post. The boys leaned against the post. The boys leaned against the post.
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The police protect us against thieves. The police protect us against thieves. The police protect us against thieves.
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The rooster has a red comb. The rooster has a red comb. The rooster has a red comb.
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Will you surely remind me of it in the morning? Will you surely remind me of it in the morning? Will you surely remind me of it in the morning?
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The ball is gilt. The ball is gilt. The ball is gilt.
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Let us be true to our flag. Let us be true to our flag. Let us be true to our flag.
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My puppy is nearly always playful. My puppy is nearly always playful. My puppy is nearly always playful.
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Playhouse, a small house for children to play in. Playhouse, a small house for children to play in. Playhouse, a small house for children to play in.
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Robert got first prize. Robert got first prize. Robert got first prize.
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Protect, keep from harm. Protect, keep from harm. Protect, keep from harm.
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The wall is to protect us. The wall is to protect us. The wall is to protect us.
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Salesmen sometimes work for a commission instead of a salary. Salesmen sometimes work for a commission instead of a salary. Salesmen sometimes work for a commission instead of a salary.
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My skates broke and are out of commission. My skates broke and are out of commission. My skates broke and are out of commission.
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Commonly, frequently. Commonly, frequently. Commonly, frequently.
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Clumps, walks clumsily and noisily, groups. Clumps, walks clumsily and noisily, groups. Clumps, walks clumsily and noisily, groups.
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The big boys clumps up the stairs. The big boys clumps up the stairs. The big boys clumps up the stairs.
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Did you cast your vote for the new officers? Did you cast your vote for the new officers? Did you cast your vote for the new officers?
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The catalog in the library lists all the available books. The catalog in the library lists all the available books. The catalog in the library lists all the available books.
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We received a catalog from the story listing everything it has for sale. We received a catalog from the story listing everything it has for sale. We received a catalog from the story listing everything it has for sale.
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Abundant, plentiful. Abundant, plentiful. Abundant, plentiful.
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Available, able to be had. Available, able to be had. Available, able to be had.
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We bought the last available tickets for the school play. We bought the last available tickets for the school play. We bought the last available tickets for the school play.