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Plover Practice Exercises

24 The -ion and -tion word endings

24.1 Learning Objectives

  • Learn to write the -shun sound
  • Learn to write the -kshun sound
  • Learn to write ion suffix when not -shun sound
  • Learn stroke suffixes ending in -tion

24.2 -ion consonant cluster for -shun sound

The -ion ending is written using -GS when the ending sound is -shun, in words such as vision, abrasion, and cushion.

SREUGS

vision vision vision vision

A PWRAEUGS

abrasion abrasion abrasion abrasion

KUGS

cushion cushion cushion cushion

24.3 -tion consonant cluster for -kshun sound

The -tion ending is written using -BGS when the ending sound is -kshun, in words such as section, fraction, and location.

SEBGS

section section section section

TPRABGS

fraction fraction fraction fraction

HROEBGS

location location location location

24.4 -ion ending when not -shun sound

Some words ending in -ion do not have the shun sound. Examples of such words are minion, onion, and carrion. These words are written with the suffix stroke KWROPB to represent -ion.

PHEUPB KWROPB

minion minion minion minion

OPB KWROPB

onion onion onion onion

KAEUR KWROPB

carrion carrion carrion carrion

It is possible to add -ion to any word using the suffix stroke KWROPB, even if the word+suffix is never used or as part of the dictionary. Experiment with world, Bob, and knit (note how Plover will double the final consonant in the latter two words.)

WORLD KWROPB

worldion worldion worldion worldion

PWO*PB KWROPB

Bobbion Bobbion Bobbion Bobbion

TPHEUT KWROPB

knittion knittion knittion knittion

24.5 Suffix strokes ending in -ion

Plover provides a family of *GS strokes for suffixes ending in -tion. For example, to add -dation, use TKAEUGS. Rather than write sedation as SE/TKAEUT/KWROPB, one stroke is saved with SE/TKAEUGS.

24.5.1 AEUGS as -ation

The suffix -ation is added using AEUGS, in words such as foundation

TKOUPBD AEUGS

foundation foundation foundation foundation

24.5.2 TKAEUGS as -dation

The suffix -dation is added using TKAEUGS in words such as sedation.

SE TKAEUGS

sedation sedation sedation sedation

24.5.3 TPHAEUGS as ination

The -ination suffix is added using TPHAEUGS in words such as donation. The TPH is used to represent the in part of the -ination.

TKOE TPHAEUGS

donation donation donation donation

24.5.4 PHAEUGS as -mation

The -mation suffix is added using PHAEUGS in words such as cremation.

KRAOE PHAEUGS

cremation cremation cremation cremation

24.5.5 RA*EUGS as -ration

Here, the * key is used to distinguish RAEUGS for the word regulation from the suffix -ration.

RAEUGS

regulation regulation regulation regulation

AB RA*EUGS

aberation aberation aberation aberation

24.5.6 SAEUGS as -sation

The suffix -sation is represented using SAEUGS in words such as accusation.

ABG SAEUGS

accusation accusation accusation accusation

24.5.7 TAEUGS as -tation

The suffix -tation is represented using TAEUGS in words such as invitation.

EUPB SREU TAEUGS

invitation invitation invitation invitation

24.5.8 HRAEUGS as -ulation

The suffix -ulation is represented by HRAEUGS in words such as stimulation.

STEUPL HRAEUGS

stimulation stimulation stimulation stimulation

24.5.9 SEPGS as -ception

The suffix -ception is represented by SEPGS in words such as reception.

RE SEPGS

reception reception reception reception

24.5.10 EUGS as -ition

The suffix -ition is represented by EUGS in words such as fruition.

TPRAOU EUGS

fruition fruition fruition fruition

24.5.11 TKEUGS as -dition

The suffix -dition is represented by TKEUGS in words such as addition.

A TKEUGS

addition addition addition addition

24.5.12 TEUGS as -etition

The suffix -etition is represented by TEUGS in words such as petition.

PE TEUGS

petition petition petition petition

24.5.13 KWRAEUGS as -iation

The suffix -iation is represented by KWRAEUGS in words such as mediation.

PHAOED KWRAEUGS

mediation mediation mediation mediation

24.5.14 PWEUGS as -ibition

The suffix -ibition is represented by PWEUGS in words such as ambition.

APL PWEUGS

ambition ambition ambition ambition

24.5.15 KAEUGS as -ication

The suffix -ication is represented by KAEUGS in words such as duplication.

TKAOUP KAEUGS

duplication duplication duplication duplication

24.5.16 Dropping intermediate sound with common words

Words ending in the -shun and -kshun sounds are frequently long, and multi-stroke. For relatively common words, some sounds can be dropped to form one-stroke words. Examples of such words are relation, possession and organization.

RELGS

relation relation relation relation

PEFGS

possession possession possession possession

ORGS

organization organization organization organization

24.5.17 Briefs

These are just some examples of -kshun words that can be written in one stroke.

kshun briefs
Word Brief Stem Outline
action A*BGS act ABGT
addition AGS add AD
appreciation PRAOEGS appreciate PRAOERBT
information TPH-FGS inform TPH-F
instruction STRUBGS instruct STRUBGT
objection OBGS object OBT
observation OEBGS observe OEB
reduction RUBGS reduct RUBGT
representation REPGS represent REPT
suggestion SUGS suggest SUG
tradition TRAGS
transportation TR-PGS transport TR-PT

24.6 Exercises

24.6.1 Write

  1. abbreviation abbreviation abbreviation absorption absorption absorption acceleration acceleration acceleration action action action adoption adoption adoption
  2. addition addition addition affection affection affection application application application appreciation appreciation appreciation association association association
  3. attribution attribution attribution attention attention attention auction auction auction audition audition audition calculation calculation calculation
  4. cancellation cancellation cancellation caption caption caption caution caution caution certification certification certification civilization civilization civilization
  5. cognition cognition cognition collection collection collection collusion collusion collusion creation creation creation definition definition definition
  6. deletion deletion deletion delusion delusion delusion demotion demotion demotion depression depression depression dilation dilation dilation
  7. dimension dimension dimension direction direction direction duration duration duration election election election emotion emotion emotion
  8. evolution evolution evolution fashion fashion fashion fraction fraction fraction friction friction friction function function function
  9. generation generation generation infection infection infection information information information inspection inspection inspection instruction instruction instruction
  10. junction junction junction mention mention mention mission mission mission motion motion motion nation nation nation
  11. notion notion notion objection objection objection observation observation observation occasion occasion occasion option option option
  12. pension pension pension perfection perfection perfection pollution pollution pollution portion portion portion position position position
  13. possession possession possession prediction prediction prediction preparation preparation preparation prescription prescription prescription production production production
  14. profession profession profession protection protection protection ration ration ration reaction reaction reaction reduction reduction reduction
  15. region region region representation representation representation revolution revolution revolution satisfaction satisfaction satisfaction section section section
  16. session session session solution solution solution station station station substitution substitution substitution suggestion suggestion suggestion
  17. suspicion suspicion suspicion television television television tension tension tension tradition tradition tradition transformation transformation transformation
  18. transportation transportation transportation vacation vacation vacation version version version violation violation violation vision vision vision

24.6.2 Write with sound

Controls
  1. Meet me at the bus station. Meet me at the bus station. Meet me at the bus station.
  2. East, a direction. East, a direction. East, a direction.
  3. Arrow, a rod with a pointed end used for shooting from a bow. A mark with a pointed end to show direction. Arrow, a rod with a pointed end used for shooting from a bow. A mark with a pointed end to show direction. Arrow, a rod with a pointed end used for shooting from a bow. A mark with a pointed end to show direction.
  4. Irrigation is often done by means of ditches. Irrigation is often done by means of ditches. Irrigation is often done by means of ditches.
  5. Listen, hear. Pay attention. Listen, hear. Pay attention. Listen, hear. Pay attention.
  6. Course, a part of a meal. Direction or route. Course, a part of a meal. Direction or route. Course, a part of a meal. Direction or route.
  7. We are putting the decorations on the Christmas tree. We are putting the decorations on the Christmas tree. We are putting the decorations on the Christmas tree.
  8. Plantation, a large farm. Plantation, a large farm. Plantation, a large farm.
  9. He lived on a plantation. He lived on a plantation. He lived on a plantation.
  10. My father visited a large rubber plantation in South America. My father visited a large rubber plantation in South America. My father visited a large rubber plantation in South America.
  11. Language, the speech of a nation. Language, the speech of a nation. Language, the speech of a nation.
  12. The boys decorated the Christmas tree. The boys decorated the Christmas tree. The boys decorated the Christmas tree.
  13. Toward, in the direction of. Toward, in the direction of. Toward, in the direction of.
  14. Turned, moved or made to move in a circle. Changed position or direction. Changed. Became. Turned, moved or made to move in a circle. Changed position or direction. Changed. Became. Turned, moved or made to move in a circle. Changed position or direction. Changed. Became.
  15. Vacation, a period of rest. Vacation, a period of rest. Vacation, a period of rest.
  16. It is a tin rattle. It is a tin rattle. It is a tin rattle.
  17. The teacher came by the steam cars. The teacher came by the steam cars. The teacher came by the steam cars.
  18. She had a ticket. She had a ticket. She had a ticket.
  19. She bought the ticket. She bought the ticket. She bought the ticket.
  20. She bought it at the station. She bought it at the station. She bought it at the station.
  21. The ticket agent sold it to her. The ticket agent sold it to her. The ticket agent sold it to her.
  22. The teacher had a trunk. The teacher had a trunk. The teacher had a trunk.
  23. The trunk was her baggage. The trunk was her baggage. The trunk was her baggage.
  24. She brought it to the station. She brought it to the station. She brought it to the station.
  25. That is a signal. That is a signal. That is a signal.
  26. The train moves out of the station. The train moves out of the station. The train moves out of the station.
  27. The baby has many toys. The baby has many toys. The baby has many toys.
  28. She likes to play with a key. She likes to play with a key. She likes to play with a key.
  29. The baby has a little tray. The baby has a little tray. The baby has a little tray.
  30. Base, the bottom part. A station. Base, the bottom part. A station. Base, the bottom part. A station.
  31. The officer had told the soldier to come to attention. The officer had told the soldier to come to attention. The officer had told the soldier to come to attention.
  32. Auntie, the sister of one's mother or father. The wife of one's uncle. Auntie, the sister of one's mother or father. The wife of one's uncle. Auntie, the sister of one's mother or father. The wife of one's uncle.
  33. The boy could not figure out what one of the instructions meant. The boy could not figure out what one of the instructions meant. The boy could not figure out what one of the instructions meant.
  34. Auntie Ruth and I went to meet my uncle at the station. Auntie Ruth and I went to meet my uncle at the station. Auntie Ruth and I went to meet my uncle at the station.
  35. The teacher called the boy's attention to his mistake in adding. The teacher called the boy's attention to his mistake in adding. The teacher called the boy's attention to his mistake in adding.
  36. He did not get much attention. He did not get much attention. He did not get much attention.
  37. You should pay careful attention in school. You should pay careful attention in school. You should pay careful attention in school.
  38. West, a direction. A region. West, a direction. A region. West, a direction. A region.
  39. Follow these directions. Follow these directions. Follow these directions.
  40. Crawl, to move slowly by drawing the body along. A creeping motion. Crawl, to move slowly by drawing the body along. A creeping motion. Crawl, to move slowly by drawing the body along. A creeping motion.
  41. Careless, not taking care; not paying attention. Careless, not taking care; not paying attention. Careless, not taking care; not paying attention.
  42. Caught, got by hunting. Got to in time. Reached for and held; as, caught a ball. Got; as, caught a cold. Got held. Got attention. Caught, got by hunting. Got to in time. Reached for and held; as, caught a ball. Got; as, caught a cold. Got held. Got attention. Caught, got by hunting. Got to in time. Reached for and held; as, caught a ball. Got; as, caught a cold. Got held. Got attention.
  43. Camp, a tent or hut or a collection of them used for a vacation or a short stay. A place where soldiers or workmen may live for a time. To stay at a camp. Camp, a tent or hut or a collection of them used for a vacation or a short stay. A place where soldiers or workmen may live for a time. To stay at a camp. Camp, a tent or hut or a collection of them used for a vacation or a short stay. A place where soldiers or workmen may live for a time. To stay at a camp.
  44. Movies, motion pictures. Movies, motion pictures. Movies, motion pictures.
  45. Listen, pay attention in order to hear or to understand. Listen, pay attention in order to hear or to understand. Listen, pay attention in order to hear or to understand.
  46. Lie, say what is not true. Rest in a flat position. Lie, say what is not true. Rest in a flat position. Lie, say what is not true. Rest in a flat position.
  47. The invention of the steam engine made railroad possible. The invention of the steam engine made railroad possible. The invention of the steam engine made railroad possible.
  48. Library, a collection of books. Library, a collection of books. Library, a collection of books.
  49. We hardly got to the station in time. We hardly got to the station in time. We hardly got to the station in time.
  50. The stranger didn't glance in our direction. The stranger didn't glance in our direction. The stranger didn't glance in our direction.
  51. Mother bid a dollar for that table at an auction sale. Mother bid a dollar for that table at an auction sale. Mother bid a dollar for that table at an auction sale.
  52. Aim, intention. To point a gun at. Aim, intention. To point a gun at. Aim, intention. To point a gun at.
  53. Hurry, to move or to go quickly. Quick motion. Hurry, to move or to go quickly. Quick motion. Hurry, to move or to go quickly. Quick motion.
  54. Holiday, a day of celebration. A day when schools and businesses are closed. Holiday, a day of celebration. A day when schools and businesses are closed. Holiday, a day of celebration. A day when schools and businesses are closed.
  55. Point, show a position or direction of a special thing. A sharp end; as, the point of a nail. Point, show a position or direction of a special thing. A sharp end; as, the point of a nail. Point, show a position or direction of a special thing. A sharp end; as, the point of a nail.
  56. State, nation. One of the divisions of the United States. To tell. State, nation. One of the divisions of the United States. To tell. State, nation. One of the divisions of the United States. To tell.
  57. Swimming, moving through water by using regular motions of the arms and legs or of fins and tail. Swimming, moving through water by using regular motions of the arms and legs or of fins and tail. Swimming, moving through water by using regular motions of the arms and legs or of fins and tail.
  58. Sea, ocean. Sea, ocean. Sea, ocean.
  59. Examinations, tests. Examinations, tests. Examinations, tests.
  60. Ned fixed his attention on the airplanes. Ned fixed his attention on the airplanes. Ned fixed his attention on the airplanes.
  61. We crossed the plain in an hour. We crossed the plain in an hour. We crossed the plain in an hour.
  62. He gave us plain directions. He gave us plain directions. He gave us plain directions.
  63. Grandmother always wears plain clothes. Grandmother always wears plain clothes. Grandmother always wears plain clothes.
  64. Moving, changing place or position. To change the position of; as; moving a vase of flowers. Moving, changing place or position. To change the position of; as; moving a vase of flowers. Moving, changing place or position. To change the position of; as; moving a vase of flowers.
  65. Fever, a restless condition. A state of illness. Fever, a restless condition. A state of illness. Fever, a restless condition. A state of illness.
  66. Answer, a reply to something that is said or written, or to an action. What you get when you work a problem in arithmetic. Answer, a reply to something that is said or written, or to an action. What you get when you work a problem in arithmetic. Answer, a reply to something that is said or written, or to an action. What you get when you work a problem in arithmetic.
  67. Blossom, a flower. Blossom, a flower. Blossom, a flower.
  68. A mouse ran across the room. A mouse ran across the room. A mouse ran across the room.
  69. I am afraid I have lost my hoop. I am afraid I have lost my hoop. I am afraid I have lost my hoop.
  70. No, here it is. No, here it is. No, here it is.
  71. She tore it near the hem. She tore it near the hem. She tore it near the hem.
  72. She put it on the wrong way. She put it on the wrong way. She put it on the wrong way.
  73. Why did you not come to see me? Why did you not come to see me? Why did you not come to see me?
  74. What have you done with your books? What have you done with your books? What have you done with your books?
  75. The baby is playing on the floor. The baby is playing on the floor. The baby is playing on the floor.
  76. Tom put on the wrong cap. Tom put on the wrong cap. Tom put on the wrong cap.
  77. A child was bitten by a dog. A child was bitten by a dog. A child was bitten by a dog.
  78. I think it was my sister. I think it was my sister. I think it was my sister.
  79. One of them is sick today. One of them is sick today. One of them is sick today.
  80. I hope you will come to see me. I hope you will come to see me. I hope you will come to see me.
  81. I have none. I have none. I have none.
  82. My cap is made of wool. My cap is made of wool. My cap is made of wool.
  83. It is hanging on the hook. It is hanging on the hook. It is hanging on the hook.
  84. I stood on the steps and rang the bell. I stood on the steps and rang the bell. I stood on the steps and rang the bell.
  85. He opened the door for me. He opened the door for me. He opened the door for me.
  86. He had been reading a book. He had been reading a book. He had been reading a book.
  87. We shall soon move into our new house. We shall soon move into our new house. We shall soon move into our new house.
  88. Jim didn't dare to dive. Jim didn't dare to dive. Jim didn't dare to dive.
  89. There he was in front of her. There he was in front of her. There he was in front of her.
  90. The girl screamed long and loud. The girl screamed long and loud. The girl screamed long and loud.
  91. I can see a pin and a bit. I can see a pin and a bit. I can see a pin and a bit.
  92. The little chair was broken. The little chair was broken. The little chair was broken.
  93. This is the flag of our land. This is the flag of our land. This is the flag of our land.
  94. It would be stealing. It would be stealing. It would be stealing.
  95. Meal is made of corn and rye. Meal is made of corn and rye. Meal is made of corn and rye.
  96. People for miles around were afraid. People for miles around were afraid. People for miles around were afraid.
  97. We met my cousin at the party. We met my cousin at the party. We met my cousin at the party.
  98. Have you met my mother? Have you met my mother? Have you met my mother?
  99. The sunset was grand. The sunset was grand. The sunset was grand.
  100. They had no means of attracting anyone's attention. They had no means of attracting anyone's attention. They had no means of attracting anyone's attention.
  101. Fireplace, a place where fires are built. Fireplace, a place where fires are built. Fireplace, a place where fires are built.
  102. They sat down by the fireplace. They sat down by the fireplace. They sat down by the fireplace.
  103. Flood, a flow of water over land that is usually dry. Flood, a flow of water over land that is usually dry. Flood, a flow of water over land that is usually dry.
  104. Mother is in good health after her operation. Mother is in good health after her operation. Mother is in good health after her operation.
  105. Duty, that which a person has to do in filling his position. What a person ought to do. Duty, that which a person has to do in filling his position. What a person ought to do. Duty, that which a person has to do in filling his position. What a person ought to do.
  106. The big bear looked at his cushion. The big bear looked at his cushion. The big bear looked at his cushion.
  107. The filling station has a new gasoline pump. The filling station has a new gasoline pump. The filling station has a new gasoline pump.
  108. Break the flax with a brake. Break the flax with a brake. Break the flax with a brake.
  109. His faint heart led him to use a feint, or false show. His faint heart led him to use a feint, or false show. His faint heart led him to use a feint, or false show.
  110. Did the pale man drop that large ball? Did the pale man drop that large ball? Did the pale man drop that large ball?
  111. Did you note that hale man's odd gait, as he passed through the gate, in the snow and hail? Did you note that hale man's odd gait, as he passed through the gate, in the snow and hail? Did you note that hale man's odd gait, as he passed through the gate, in the snow and hail?
  112. I saw the great cook grate the root. I saw the great cook grate the root. I saw the great cook grate the root.
  113. Be brisk, and bring the fifth brick. Be brisk, and bring the fifth brick. Be brisk, and bring the fifth brick.
  114. I had a glimpse of the bridge, near the brink of the cliff. I had a glimpse of the bridge, near the brink of the cliff. I had a glimpse of the bridge, near the brink of the cliff.
  115. If you have skill, be quick! Spring into the skiff, and shift the oars. If you have skill, be quick! Spring into the skiff, and shift the oars. If you have skill, be quick! Spring into the skiff, and shift the oars.
  116. There are fifty cows eating in this pasture. There are fifty cows eating in this pasture. There are fifty cows eating in this pasture.
  117. Tom did not pay attention to his teacher. Tom did not pay attention to his teacher. Tom did not pay attention to his teacher.
  118. We fed breadcrumbs to the pigeons in the park. We fed breadcrumbs to the pigeons in the park. We fed breadcrumbs to the pigeons in the park.
  119. The crew keeps a ship in operation. The crew keeps a ship in operation. The crew keeps a ship in operation.
  120. The mayor appointed a commission to study traffic conditions. The mayor appointed a commission to study traffic conditions. The mayor appointed a commission to study traffic conditions.
  121. Did your uncle receive his commission as captain? Did your uncle receive his commission as captain? Did your uncle receive his commission as captain?
  122. Commission, percentage of amount of sales, working order. Commission, percentage of amount of sales, working order. Commission, percentage of amount of sales, working order.
  123. The whole town collected to see the circus parade. The whole town collected to see the circus parade. The whole town collected to see the circus parade.
  124. The children had a collection of foreign stamps. The children had a collection of foreign stamps. The children had a collection of foreign stamps.
  125. At Christmas time we take up a collection to buy food for the poor. At Christmas time we take up a collection to buy food for the poor. At Christmas time we take up a collection to buy food for the poor.
  126. Parks are used chiefly for recreation. Parks are used chiefly for recreation. Parks are used chiefly for recreation.
  127. Orchids are choice flowers. Orchids are choice flowers. Orchids are choice flowers.
  128. A cable is a set of wires used for sending telegraph messages under the water, or a strong wire rope used for suspension bridges, and so forth. A cable is a set of wires used for sending telegraph messages under the water, or a strong wire rope used for suspension bridges, and so forth. A cable is a set of wires used for sending telegraph messages under the water, or a strong wire rope used for suspension bridges, and so forth.
  129. Oceans are large bodies of water. Oceans are large bodies of water. Oceans are large bodies of water.
  130. Families are held together by a bond of affection. Families are held together by a bond of affection. Families are held together by a bond of affection.
  131. Aviation, the art or practice of flying. Aviation, the art or practice of flying. Aviation, the art or practice of flying.
  132. I lost my balance and fell. I lost my balance and fell. I lost my balance and fell.
  133. Aviation has shown great progress in the last few years. Aviation has shown great progress in the last few years. Aviation has shown great progress in the last few years.
  134. Adoption, making one's own. Adoption, making one's own. Adoption, making one's own.
  135. My ambition is to be a nurse. My ambition is to be a nurse. My ambition is to be a nurse.
  136. She has applied for a position. She has applied for a position. She has applied for a position.
  137. Ambition, eager desire. Ambition, eager desire. Ambition, eager desire.

24.6.3 Write random sentences

A random subset of sentences will be synthesized. Be patient with the synthesis. It will take a few seconds, especially the first time. The loweest possible WPM is 80, so to decrease overall WPM, increase word gap.

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